Nicotinamide

Overview

Nicotinamide (Vitamin B3)
Nicotinamide, chemically known as pyridine-3-carboxamide or Vitamin B3, is a water-soluble vitamin with a molecular formula of C₆H₆N₂O and CAS number 98-92-0 . It appears as white crystalline powder, melts at 128–131°C, and is highly soluble in water (1000 g/L at 20°C) and ethanol, with stability at pH 6.0–7.5 . As a precursor to coenzymes NAD⁺ and NADP⁺, it plays a critical role in cellular redox reactions, energy metabolism, and DNA repair . Its biochemical properties include inhibiting melanin synthesis by blocking tyrosinase activity, enhancing skin barrier function, and reducing oxidative stress through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms .

Applications of Nicotinamide
In pharmaceuticals, it treats pellagra, dermatitis, and cardiac arrhythmias (e.g., atrial block and sinus node dysfunction) at doses of 2–5% . In cosmetics, concentrations of 2–5% improve skin elasticity, reduce hyperpigmentation, and counteract photoaging by promoting collagen synthesis . The food industry uses it as a nutrient fortifier in dairy, beverages, and baked goods, complying with limits of 30–330 mg/kg depending on product types ]. Additionally, it serves as an antistatic agent in textiles and a feed additive for livestock . Its low toxicity (LD₅₀ 2.5–3.5 g/kg in rats) and biodegradability further expand its utility .